Posts Tagged ‘informal learning’
Thursday, May 6th, 2010
Chen, Hsieh & Kinshuk’s study (2008) on the use of mobile phones for vocabulary learning is an example of an increasing (but still relatively small) number of studies that investigate mobile learning. I sometimes use it in my MA classes as an example of research that does not actually investigate defining aspects of the core constructs of the study; in this case, participants were given exercises to complete on their mobile phones in a lab (therefore completely obviating the potential benefits of mobility that phones bring) that did not in any way take advantage of the medium (the exercises could have been presented on a computer, or even in a book). However, this does not mean that the study is not interesting. One of the pedagogically relevant findings of the study was that participants themselves said they enjoyed using their phones. This may have simply been a novelty effect (which was not controlled for), but one of the reasons they gave was that they felt they learned better with the ‘bite-sized chunks’ of learning content that a cellphone necessarily is limited to presenting (due to limitations such as screen size).
Learners felt phones were useful because they could be used anywhere and anytime (as one would expect) but also because the ‘mini-lessons’ fitted in better with their own preferred ways of learning. I am very interested in out-of-class learning, and it seems to me that this is an important finding for materials developers and those interested in supporting learning outside the classroom; the presentation (including amount, format, portability) of learning materials is likely to have a big impact on its actual use. As much as applied linguists debate the various benefits or otherwise of various types of instruction, surely anything that increases (or decreases) the amount of exposure to input or amount of practice learners get should be a prime consideration. A lot has been written about the supposedly different ways in which young learners now interact with information. Without entering that discussion, it is clear to me that mobile technologies offer, at the very least, alternative, or perhaps more accurately, complementary means of engaging with learning content. The nature of out-of-class learning is that it is less structured and less consistent, and mobile technologies seem promising in supporting the type of incremental learning that this entails. We need more research investigating how learners interact with and - crucually - learn from this.
Chen, N., Hsieh, S., & Kinshuk. (2008). Effects of short-term memory and content representation type on mobile language learning. Language learning & technology, 12(3), 93-113.

Tags: informal learning, mall, methodology, mobile learning, out-of-class Posted in All | No Comments »
Saturday, February 13th, 2010
Beyond the Classroom by Rosalyn Black is an interesting book published by the Australian Council for Educational Research in 2008. It talks about the ways in which education can be extended beyond the school and into the community, and how the community itself plays a crucial role in its children’s education. ‘…tinkering around the edges of schooling will not provide solutions to the widening gaps in education and life outcomes that limit opportunities…we need new models of schooling that recognise the future of children and young people is the responsibility of the whole community, and which form the basis of a social alliance for all young people to tak an active – if not a leading- role in their community’ (p. 2). Wise words indeed. The book then goes on to describe different types of community networks and ways of making them work. An interesting read, especially for those involved in education at the primary and secondary school levels.

Tags: informal learning, out-of-class Posted in All | No Comments »
Tuesday, November 24th, 2009
Palgrave Macmillan has just agreed to publish the book below. We are very excited about this project and will post updates and samples here when they become available:
Benson, P. & Reinders, H. (2010) (Eds), Beyond the Language Classroom. The Theory and Practice of Informal Language Learning and Teaching. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (forthcoming). You can read more about this book by clicking on the link ‘beyond the classroom’ in the menu on the right.

An estimated 80% of adult learning takes place outside of formal education (Cross 1981). For language learning, it is likely that out-of-class experiences play an equally important role (cf. de Bot 2007). It is therefore surprising that the role of informal language learning has received very little attention over the years, with the vast majority of research instead focusing on classroom methods, materials and interaction.
Researchers from a range of backgrounds, however, have started to realise the important contribution of informal language learning, both in its own right, and in its relationship with classroom learning. Studies in the areas of learner autonomy, learning strategies, study abroad, language support, learners’ voices, computer-mediated communication, mobile-assisted language learning, and many others, all add to our understanding of the complex and intersecting ways in which learners construct their own language learning experiences, drawing from a wide range of resources, including materials, teachers, self-study, technology, other learners, and native speakers.
Because of the predominance of informal language learning, it is important that the existing body of research is solidified and that the various disciplines that have looked at this area are brought together to present the current state of knowledge in one, accessible volume. For this reason, the researchers below have been invited from different backgrounds to contribute individual chapters that together cover all the relevant areas.
Preliminary table of contents (subject to change):
Language learning and teaching outside the classroom: an overview
Phil Benson and Hayo Reinders
Experiences of learning English and Swedish: out-of-school contexts compared with school contexts
Paula Kalaja, Riika Alanen, Åsa Palviainen, and Hannele Dufva.
Investigating out-of-class language learning strategies among teenagers: linking school activities to social practices.
Sophie Bailly
Places for Learning: Technology-Mediated Learning Practices outside Classrooms.
Leena Kuure
Home tutor cognitions and the nature of tutor-learner relationships.
Gary Barkhuizen
The Language Café: A practical implementation of pedagogy outside the classroom
Loretta Qwarnström and BethAnne Yoxsimer Paulsrud, Dalarna University, Sweden
Affordances beyond the classroom
Vera Menezes
From Becoming to Being Multilingual: Ethnographic Insights into SLA Variation. David Divita
Talk about language use: I know a little about your language.
Erica Zimmerman
Structuring Out-of-Class Language Learning for Older Learners
Garold Murray
A possible path to progress: Out-of-school English among English language learners in Sweden.
Pia Sundqvist
Tandem learning in virtual spaces: Supporting the acquisition of key competences for lifelong learning.
Ursula Stickler, Martina Emke
Intercultural competence in practice through oral and written exchanges in telecollaboration: how does experience sustain intercultural learning?
Maud Ciekanski, Bechtel, M., Abendroth-Timmer, D., Chanier, T.
English learning through popular culture: consumption and participation.
Alice Chik
Beyond the classroom, in the family: Social resources, networks and capital in language learning.
David M. Palfreyman
Epilogue – Phil Benson and Hayo Reinders
Tags: autonomy, books, informal learning Posted in All | No Comments »
Saturday, August 29th, 2009
The Department for Business, Innovation & Skills in the UK commissioned and published (in March this year) a white paper on ‘The Learning Revolution’. The paper is about the importance of informal learning in the UK and suggests ways in which the government, local bodies, institutions and individuals can support access to and make better use of informal learning opportunities. For anyone interested in learning outside the classroom, this is compulsory reading. It is frank in saying it is intended as the ’start of the journey’ and I do not find as much ground-breaking ideas in it as I would have liked (anyone care to join its suggested ‘Festival of Learning’?), but there are certainly very many excellent suggestions. At least in the Uk there is an awereness of the importance of the issues and a commitment to spending GBP210 million on it (although unfortunately ‘only’ 20 million of that goes to its ‘transformation fund’ which is where one would hope to find the potential for real change).
You can download the paper here.

Tags: informal learning, out-of-class Posted in All, Uncategorized | No Comments »
Tuesday, June 30th, 2009
Mobile phones are widely used by people, so why are researchers not making more use of them to collect data? In an upcoming project in Hong Kong I hope to get participants to record language learning experiences outside the classroom - and what better way to do this than by using a tool that each of them carries around all the time anyway?
This article talks about the technical aspects of mobile data collection and is a good read if you think you may be interested in this area. Recommended!
Please drop me a line if you are using mobile data collection - I’d love to hear about your experiences. Maybe we can exchange tips.

Tags: data collection, informal learning, mall, methodology, mobile, out-of-class, research Posted in All | No Comments »
Saturday, May 23rd, 2009
In a recent interview published on the Association for Learning Technology website, Sugata Mitra tells about of some of his work in education, especially with poor children in India. Here are some of the amazing conclusions from his research - which just goes to show the power of children to learn, and the power of learning outside the classroom with technology:
“We needed to know how far does it go? We could not understand how this happened. It took us five years of measurements across the Indian subcontinent to verify the results amongst 40,000 of the world’s poorest children. We found that children given unsupervised access to computers mainly located in a government school playground or in similar safe, public areas, would become:
1. computer literate – in their own way, with their own vocabulary, but highly effective nevertheless;
2. better at maths and English – I do not know why, maybe because they learn to analyze and solve problems in groups;
3. more social and cooperative – because they learn that knowledge, unlike material objects, grows with sharing;
4. more interested in school – if the computer is near or in the school premises;
5. less likely to drop out of school – because they want access to their computer;
6. less interested in petty crime – mostly because all their free time is spent at the computer;
7. viewed with more local goodwill – parents and others like the idea that the child is learning something and not creating trouble at home.
The measured outcomes showed:
* acquisition of functional computer literacy;
* improvement in academic performance;
* increase in confidence and self esteem;
* increased collaborative behaviour.
amazing, isn’t it?
Tags: call, informal learning, out-of-class, self-directed learning Posted in All, Uncategorized | No Comments »
Monday, April 13th, 2009
Every once in a while I like to pick up a copy of Ivan Illich his book ‘Deschooling Society’, first published in 1970. as someone who advocates learning outside the educational system, there is a lots of inspiration to be found in this seminal work (if you ignore the 1970s ‘engaged’ lingo). If you don’t know this book, I recommend you have a look at it. Here is a quote I’d like to share with you that and I like:
‘A second major illusion on which the school system rests is that most learning as a result of teaching. Teaching, it is true, may contribute to certain kinds of learning under certain circumstances. But most people acquire most of their knowledge outside school, and in school only in so far as the school, and a few rich countries, has become their place of confinement during an increasing part of their lives. M Most learning happens casually, and even most intentional learning is not the result of programmed instruction. Normal children learn their first language casualty, although faster if their parents pay attention to them. Most people who learn a second Lang which well do so as a result of all circumstances and not all sequential teaching. They go to live with their grandparents, they travel, or they fall in love with a foreigner. Fluency in reading is also more often than not a result of such extracurricular activities. Most people who read widely, and with pleasure, merely believe that have learned to do so in school; when challenged, they easily discard this illusion’ (p. 20).
Here’s another one: ‘the very existence of obligatory schools divides any society into two realms: some time spans and processes and treatments and professions are ‘academic’ or ‘pedagogic’, and others are not. The power of school thus to divide social reality has no boundaries: education becomes unworldly and the world becomes non-educational.’ (p.31)
Tags: informal learning, out-of-class, quotes Posted in All | No Comments »
Saturday, December 27th, 2008
The encyclopedia of informal learning is a userful resource with a number of longer articles on topics related to informal learning, such as self-direction, autonomy, lifelong learning, social action, and many others. It contains many references to useful resources in these areas. I find it very helpful to give to my students as a solid resource.
You can find the encylopedia here: http://www.infed.org/
Tags: autonomy, encyclopedia, informal learning, self-direction Posted in All | Comments Off
Tuesday, December 16th, 2008
Jay Cross is well-known for his work on informal learning and I highly recommend his work. You can read his blog, here: http://internettime.com/?p=105.
He estimates that only 20% of work-related learning is formal and contends that school is a time-consuming and generally ineffective way to learn, and that most corporate training is wasted effort. His definition of learning, which I really like, is: ‘Learning is any non-genetic adaptation one makes to interact more effectively with the ecosystems in which one participates.’ Jay reminds us of the importance of non-formal types of learning and I think a lot of what he says applies equally to language learning and teaching.
Tags: corporate training, informal learning, self-study Posted in All | Comments Off
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